Petroleum refineries are the largest users of natural gas and electricity in California. In 2004, the California Energy Commission hired Energetics to prepare a technology roadmap on improving refinery efficiency in order to help refineries meet future energy demand. Energetics facilitated a workshop comprised of refiners, utilities, and regulators who identified R&D ideas for optimizing refinery energy use. We used the workshop results to prepare a roadmap that enabled the California Energy Commission to align its R&D spending with the technological needs of the refineries.